In Table 2 also confirm this. It can be observed that the annual mean of BMS-986094 Technical Information Surface HCHO concentration is about confirm this. It can be noticed that the annual mean of surface HCHO concentration is about 2.21 /m3 over the ocean and 2.77 /m3 over land. 2.21 g/m3 more than the ocean and 2.77 g/m3 more than land.Table two. Statistics of surface HCHO concentration for sea surface, land surface and combined (unit: Table 3 Statistics of surface HCHO concentration for sea surface, land surface and combined 2. /m ). (unit: g/m3).Sea Land IQP-0528 web GlobalStandard Dev. Normal Dev. 0.414 0.859 0.Mean Mean 2.12 two.77 2.Minimum Minimum 1.49 0.006 0.Maximum Maximum 6.22 six.53 six.Cities, because the regions with all the densest population, deserve precise interest towards their surface HCHO concentration as a consequence of its recognized and prospective harms to individuals living there. Table 3 shows the surface concentration of HCHO for some of the typical cities in these regions, with Jakarta and Singapore, two major cities in South East Asia, ranking the highest as well as the second highest with 6.18 and five.83 /m3 , respectively. three.two. Interval Estimation Apart from point estimation, the model within this study also offered estimations from the upper and reduce bounds of surface concentration of HCHO, in order that the uncertainty, or variability with the surface concentration is usually evaluated. In Figure 8a, the partnership between the estimated upper bound, reduced bound plus the point estimation are displayed inside a 3D space. Figure 8b shows the outcomes of cross-validation on the validation set. The point estimation lies around the red line, inside the middle on the upper bound and lowerRemote Sens. 2021, 13,10 ofbound (90 CI). It truly is worth emphasizing that the captured uncertainty, or the interval length, delineates the variability in the information itself, not the reduce trustworthiness of our model or its estimations.Table 3. Surface HCHO concentration in some typical cities. City Name Surface HCHO ( /m3 ) six.18 5.83 5.66 5.61 5.51 five.49 5.42 five.38 5.27 5.26 City Name Beijing, China Patna, India Ha Noi, Vietnam Guangzhou, China Tianjin, China Manaus, Brazil Montgomery, U.S. Houston, U.S. Freetown, Sierra Leone Kolwezi, R. D. Congo Surface HCHO ( /m3 ) five.23 five.07 5.06 five.00 four.89 4.50 four.44 four.22 four.15 11 of 23 three.Jakarta, Indonesia Singapore Colon, Panama Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Dhaka, Bangladesh Lagos, Nigeria Bangkok, Thailand Shijiazhuang, China Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Remote Sens. 2021, 13, x FOR PEER Evaluation Kolkata, India(a)(b)Figure 8. (a) The estimated upper bound, point estimation and bound, point estimation function on the height and CI) as a function Figure eight. (a) The estimated upper lower bound (90 CI) as a and reduced bound (90 vertical column density of HCHO when the altitude is fixed at 0 m, where CI represents self-confidence level. The results in this figure have been obtained by feeding the equally spaced mock information in to the two models. (b) The comparison in the models’ estimation along with the actual value within the validation set. Taken logarithm and standardized to 0 for proper visualization.Confidence level, together with covering length, lay the foundation for the trustworthiness and precision of our interval prediction. As shown in Table 4, the interval estimation model obtained the covering rates along with the ratio of true values covered by the predicted interval of 94.41 and 88.74 , exceeding the pre-set confidence levels of = 0.Remote Sens. 2021, 13,11 ofof the height and vertical column density of HCHO when the altitude is fixed at 0 m, where CI.