Ils for each the B1I and B3I signals. Generally, the measurement error having a deviation of greater than 3 in the mean may be regarded as the outlying error. Consequently, the outliers must account for 0.27 at each and every frequency for the CAY10502 manufacturer normal distribution. Yet, the actual percentages on the outliers at B1I and B3I had been 0.586 and 1.046 , respectively. This indicates that the actual outliers can’t obey the Gaussian14 of 17 distribution, along with the thick tails should really be depicted by bi-normal modelling.Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW15 ofFigure 13. Fitting curve with the carrier-phase measurement error distribution andand Gaussian distribuFigure 13. Fitting curve from the carrier-phase measurement error distribution Gaussian distribution. tion. Taking the measurement error on B3I as CRANAD-2 Neuronal Signaling example, define k = 1.1, the bi-normal distri-Taking the function at the B3I on B3I as is obtained as follows: bution density measurement errorfrequency example, define k = 1.1, the bi-normal distribution density function at the B3I frequency is obtained as follows: -0.2414 or 0.2414 ( ;0, 0.094 ) f ((; 0.094) ) = 0, (ten) -0.2414 0.2414 0.2414 or 0.2414 – f () = (10) 0.9940 ( ;0, 0.085 ) (; 0, 0.085) -0.2414 0.2414 0.9940 The envelope curve from the bi-normal distribution is shown in Figure 14. It may be seen that The envelope curve of the bi-normal distribution is shown in Figure 14. It could be seen the bi-normal distribution can bound the actual errors, showing better capability to that the the outliers than the Gaussian distribution. errors, showing superior capability to bound bound bi-normal distribution can bound the actual the outliers than the Gaussian distribution. Various receiver types, antennae varieties, satellite navigation systems, environments Various receiver types, antennae varieties, satellite navigation systems, environments and dynamic circumstances might result in different measurement-error characteristics. The and dynamic circumstances may well cause distinct measurement-error qualities. The above model could be made use of as an example, as well as the parameters obtained aren’t necessarily above model may be used as an example, as well as the parameters obtained are usually not necessarily universal. universal.Figure 14. Envelope of bi-normal distribution. Figure 14. Envelope of bi-normal distribution.three.four.two. Connection among Carrier Phase Measurement Error and Orbit 3.4.two. Connection amongst Carrier Phase Measurement Error and Orbit When the distinct orbits are considered, the measurement errors on the two frequenWhen the distinctive orbits are regarded, the measurement errors with the two frequencies change together with SNR, as shown in Figure 15. As is general expertise, with all the cies modify in addition to SNR, as shown in Figure of each and every is general knowledge, the SNR improve of SNR, the error typical deviation (STD) 15. As orbit decreases. When using the increase of SNR, the error normal deviation (STD) of each and every orbit decreases. When the SNR is higher, the normal deviation of your measurement error is comparatively small. In addition, the common deviation in the measurement error of MEO satellites is bigger than these of IGSO and GEO. A achievable cause for this phenomenon may perhaps lie in transmission signal energy variations among different satellites in diverse orbits. It has also been verifiedSensors 2021, 21,15 ofis high, the regular deviation on the measurement error is relatively modest. Furthermore, the regular deviation with the measurement error of MEO satellites is bigger than t.