City, inflammation, and autophagy), the studies largely concentrate on genotoxic effects induced by GFNs, and there is a lack of studies on the mechanisms underlying the observed effects. The TCEP hydrochloride genotoxicity of GFNs will depend on each inherent physicochemical properties (e.g., surface functionalization and coatings), exposure dose and times, and their fate in organisms or the atmosphere. Though this evaluation paper offers preliminary facts on the genotoxicity of GFNs, the data continues to be quite limited, specifically with regard for the variety of GFNs and exposure dose. The standard tactics are restricted by low observation efficiency and huge errors of quantitative benefits, which are disadvantages Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2889 11 of 16 inside the detection of GFNs.Figure 3. Direct and indirect effects of GFNs onof GFNs on DNA. Figure three. Direct and indirect effects DNA.Author Contributions: Conceptualization, K.W. and S.O.; methodology, K.W.; software, K.W.; validation, K.W., Q.Z. and S.O.; formal analysis, K.W.; investigation, S.O.; resources, Q.Z.; information curation, K.W.; writing–original draft preparation, K.W.; writing–review and editing, S.O.; visualization, K.W.; supervision, Q.Z.; project administration, S.O.; funding acquisition, S.O. All authors have read and agreed for the published version in the manuscript. Funding: This perform was financially supported by the National Organic Science Foundation of ChinaNanomaterials 2021, 11,11 ofA quantity of challenges remain within this location: (1) a lack of nuclear Z-FA-FMK Autophagy detecting and tracking approaches for GFNs to investigate the direct interactions of GFNs with DNA; (two) a challenge to reveal mechanisms underlying the indirect genotoxicity of GFNs, including causal epigenetic mechanisms; and (3) an incomplete evaluation database with regards to the kind of GFNs, applied dosages, and exposure occasions, and so on. These limitations are anticipated since genotoxicity investigation of NPs, specifically GFNs, is still in their infancy when in comparison to other locations of toxicity (e.g., cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity). General, further studies must address the inquiries talked about above to clarify the genotoxic mechanisms of GFNs.Author Contributions: Conceptualization, K.W. and S.O.; methodology, K.W.; software program, K.W.; validation, K.W., Q.Z. and S.O.; formal evaluation, K.W.; investigation, S.O.; resources, Q.Z.; data curation, K.W.; writing–original draft preparation, K.W.; writing–review and editing, S.O.; visualization, K.W.; supervision, Q.Z.; project administration, S.O.; funding acquisition, S.O. All authors have read and agreed for the published version in the manuscript. Funding: This operate was financially supported by the National Organic Science Foundation of China for grant quantity No. U1906222, the National Important Analysis and Improvement Project for grant number No. 2019YFC1804104, the Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation for grant quantity No. 2020M680867, plus the Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China as a 111 plan for grant quantity No. T2017002. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Jing Sun and Zhicheng Bi for their assistance in paper discussion. We thank each of the reviewers for their constructive comments. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.nanomaterialsArticlePotential Production of Theranostic Boron Nitride Nanotubes (64Cu-BNNTs) Radiolabeled by Neutron CaptureWellington Marcos Silva 1 ,.