N when selection of paths is guided by theoretical relevance and plausibility, tend to exploit ungeneralizable relations in the data. For this reason, the final developmental cascade model is treated as having tentative explanatory value, suggesting relations for testing in future research.NIH-PA Author Manuscript Chloroquine (diphosphate) site Results NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptDescriptive Statistics Table 1 presents means and standard BMS-791325 custom synthesis deviations of outcome measures and potential covariates for all participants. All mean scores fell within 1 SD or just above 1 SD (10-year WISC) of the means reported in normal or standardized samples of children of similar ages (Behar Stringfield, 1974; Buhrmester, 1990; Granleese Joseph, 1994; Harter Pike, 1984; Sparrow et al., 1984, 1985; Stanger Lewis, 1993; Wechsler, 1989, 1991; Wichstraum, 1995). Our sample was, as expected, normal in these respects and defines the population to which developmental cascades can generalize. Cascade Analyses Figure 2 presents the standardized solution to the final, sequentially constructed developmental cascade model, S-B 2(18) = 44.90, p < .001, Robust CFI = .91, SRMR = . 08. The model reproduced observed correlations with an average absolute standardized error of .06. Appendix 1 presents the pair-wise covariance matrix of all variables in the final model. Covariation and stability--At age 4 years, externalizing and internalizing behaviors were, as expected, positively correlated, and both were negatively correlated with social competence. At age 10 years, the error variances of externalizing and internalizing behaviors were positively correlated, and both were negatively correlated with the error variance of social competence. At age 14 years, the error variance of internalizing behaviors was correlated with the error variances of externalizing behaviors (positive) and social competence (negative). The error variances of externalizing behaviors and social competence were not related at age 14 years which was not due to the cascade path (from 10-year internalizing behaviors to 14-year externalizing behaviors) nor the longitudinal stability paths in the models. The zero-order correlation between 14-year social competence and externalizing behaviors was not significant, r(115) = -.06, p = .50. On the whole, externalizing and internalizing behaviors related positively to one another, and the two related negatively to social competence. Unsurprisingly, as has been found in the past, allDev Psychopathol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 August 06.Bornstein et al.Pagelongitudinal stability paths for social competence and externalizing and internalizing behaviors were positive and significant.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptOf primary interest in this model were developmental cascades, cross-domain uniquely intrapersonal longitudinal relations, here operationalized as unique links among social competence, externalizing, and internalizing across developmental periods from early childhood to late childhood to early adolescence. Two-wave cascades--Three significant 2-characteristic 2-wave cascades emerged from the model. First, 4-year social competence predicted 10-year externalizing and internalizing behaviors: Children with lower social competence at age 4 years exhibited more externalizing and internalizing behaviors at age 10 years. Age 10-year internalizing behaviors also predicted age 14-year externalizing behaviors: Chil.N when selection of paths is guided by theoretical relevance and plausibility, tend to exploit ungeneralizable relations in the data. For this reason, the final developmental cascade model is treated as having tentative explanatory value, suggesting relations for testing in future research.NIH-PA Author Manuscript Results NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptDescriptive Statistics Table 1 presents means and standard deviations of outcome measures and potential covariates for all participants. All mean scores fell within 1 SD or just above 1 SD (10-year WISC) of the means reported in normal or standardized samples of children of similar ages (Behar Stringfield, 1974; Buhrmester, 1990; Granleese Joseph, 1994; Harter Pike, 1984; Sparrow et al., 1984, 1985; Stanger Lewis, 1993; Wechsler, 1989, 1991; Wichstraum, 1995). Our sample was, as expected, normal in these respects and defines the population to which developmental cascades can generalize. Cascade Analyses Figure 2 presents the standardized solution to the final, sequentially constructed developmental cascade model, S-B 2(18) = 44.90, p < .001, Robust CFI = .91, SRMR = . 08. The model reproduced observed correlations with an average absolute standardized error of .06. Appendix 1 presents the pair-wise covariance matrix of all variables in the final model. Covariation and stability--At age 4 years, externalizing and internalizing behaviors were, as expected, positively correlated, and both were negatively correlated with social competence. At age 10 years, the error variances of externalizing and internalizing behaviors were positively correlated, and both were negatively correlated with the error variance of social competence. At age 14 years, the error variance of internalizing behaviors was correlated with the error variances of externalizing behaviors (positive) and social competence (negative). The error variances of externalizing behaviors and social competence were not related at age 14 years which was not due to the cascade path (from 10-year internalizing behaviors to 14-year externalizing behaviors) nor the longitudinal stability paths in the models. The zero-order correlation between 14-year social competence and externalizing behaviors was not significant, r(115) = -.06, p = .50. On the whole, externalizing and internalizing behaviors related positively to one another, and the two related negatively to social competence. Unsurprisingly, as has been found in the past, allDev Psychopathol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 August 06.Bornstein et al.Pagelongitudinal stability paths for social competence and externalizing and internalizing behaviors were positive and significant.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptOf primary interest in this model were developmental cascades, cross-domain uniquely intrapersonal longitudinal relations, here operationalized as unique links among social competence, externalizing, and internalizing across developmental periods from early childhood to late childhood to early adolescence. Two-wave cascades--Three significant 2-characteristic 2-wave cascades emerged from the model. First, 4-year social competence predicted 10-year externalizing and internalizing behaviors: Children with lower social competence at age 4 years exhibited more externalizing and internalizing behaviors at age 10 years. Age 10-year internalizing behaviors also predicted age 14-year externalizing behaviors: Chil.